history

 Year: I Semester : I Paper-I Subject: History

Meaning of History, scope and sources.

History is the study of the past. It is a vast and complex subject that encompasses everything from the lives of ordinary people to the rise and fall of empires. History can be studied from a variety of perspectives, including economic, social, political, and cultural.

The scope of history is vast. It includes everything from the study of ancient civilizations to the study of recent events. History can also be studied on a global scale or on a local scale.

The sources of history are varied. They include written documents, archaeological evidence, oral history, and material culture. Historians use these sources to reconstruct the past and to understand the forces that have shaped the present.

Unit II A broad survey of Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Cultures.

The Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods are the three earliest periods of human history. The Paleolithic period began around 2.5 million years ago and ended around 10,000 years ago. It was characterized by the use of stone tools and a nomadic lifestyle. The Mesolithic period began around 10,000 years ago and ended around 5,000 years ago. It was characterized by the development of new technologies, such as the bow and arrow, and the beginning of agriculture. The Neolithic period began around 5,000 years ago and ended around 3,000 years ago. It was characterized by the development of permanent settlements, agriculture, and pottery.

Unit III Harappan Civilization : Origin, Extent, Main features & Decline, Chalcolithic age.

The Harappan civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world. It flourished in the Indus Valley from around 3300 to 1300 BCE. The Harappans were skilled farmers, traders, and builders. They developed a complex system of writing and a sophisticated urban culture. The Harappan civilization declined around 1300 BCE, for reasons that are still not fully understood.

The Chalcolithic age is a period that is characterized by the use of both copper and stone tools. It began in India around 2000 BCE and ended around 1000 BCE. During the Chalcolithic age, there was a decline in the size and complexity of settlements, and there is evidence of increased conflict and warfare.

Unit IV The Rig Vedic and Later Vedic Period: Polity, Society, Economy and Religion,   Iron age with reference to PGW & Megaliths.

The Rig Vedic period is the earliest period of Vedic history. It is named after the Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu scripture. The Rig Vedic period lasted from around 1500 to 1000 BCE. During the Rig Vedic period, the Aryans migrated to India from Central Asia. They were a nomadic people who spoke an Indo-Aryan language.

The Later Vedic period lasted from around 1000 to 500 BCE. During this period, the Aryans settled down in the Indus Valley and developed a more complex society. They also developed a new form of Hinduism, which was more complex than the religion of the Rig Vedic period.

The Iron Age began in India around 1000 BCE. It was characterized by the use of iron tools and weapons. Iron tools and weapons were more durable than stone tools and weapons, and they gave the Aryans a military advantage.

The Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture was an Iron Age culture that flourished in the Gangetic Valley from around 1200 to 600 BCE. The PGW people were skilled farmers and traders. They also developed a new form of pottery, which was painted with geometric designs.

The megalithic culture was an Iron Age culture that flourished in South India from around 1000 to 300 BCE. The megalithic people were skilled builders. They constructed large stone tombs and monuments.

**Unit V Territorial States and the rise of Magadha, Conditions for the rise of  Mahajanpadas and the Causes of Magadha’s success **

The Mahajanapadas were territorial states that emerged in India during the Iron Age. There were sixteen Mahajanapadas in total. The most powerful Mahajanapada was Magadha. Magadha rose to power because of its strong military, its fertile land, and its access to trade routes.

Unit VI Jainism and Buddhism: Causes, Doctrines, Spread, Decline and Contributions

Jainism and Buddhism are two of the major religions of India. Jainism was founded by Mahavira around 550 BCE. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, around 500 BCE. Both Jainism and Buddhism are based on the principle of non-violence. They also both teach that salvation can be achieved through spiritual development.Jainism and Buddhism: Causes, Doctrines, Spread, Decline and Contributions Causes Jainism and Buddhism emerged in India during the 6th century BCE, a period of great social and religious upheaval. There are a number of factors that contributed to the rise of these new religions, including: Dissatisfaction with the Vedic religion: The Vedic religion was the dominant religion in India at the time. However, many people were dissatisfied with its emphasis on ritual and its rigid caste system. A search for new spiritual paths: People were also searching for new spiritual paths that could offer them salvation. The rise of urbanization and trade: The rise of urbanization and trade led to increased social mobility and a more cosmopolitan outlook. This created an environment in which new ideas could flourish. Doctrines Jainism and Buddhism are both based on the principle of non-violence. They also both teach that salvation can be achieved through spiritual development. However, there are some key differences between the two religions. Jainism Jainism is a monotheistic religion that worships the Jina, a perfect being who has achieved liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Jains believe in the principle of anekantavada, which teaches that there are multiple perspectives on truth. Jains also believe in the principle of ahimsa, which teaches that all living beings should be protected from harm. Buddhism Buddhism is a non-theistic religion that follows the teachings of the Buddha. Buddhists believe in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which are the paths to enlightenment. Buddhists also believe in the principle of karma, which teaches that our actions in this life determine our fate in the next life. Spread Jainism and Buddhism spread throughout India and beyond through a variety of means, including: Trade: Trade routes were one of the main ways in which Jainism and Buddhism spread. Merchants and missionaries traveled along these routes, spreading the teachings of their religions. Royal patronage: A number of kings and emperors supported Jainism and Buddhism. This helped to spread the religions to new areas. Missionary activity: Jain and Buddhist monks and nuns traveled to new areas to spread the teachings of their religions. Decline Jainism and Buddhism declined in India over time due to a number of factors, including: The rise of Hinduism: Hinduism revived in India during the Gupta period (4th-6th centuries CE). This led to a decline in Jainism and Buddhism. The rise of Islam: Islam arrived in India in the 7th century CE. Islam spread rapidly in India, and this contributed to the decline of Jainism and Buddhism. Contributions Jainism and Buddhism have made significant contributions to Indian culture and society. For example, Jainism and Buddhism have promoted the values of non-violence, compassion, and tolerance. Jainism and Buddhism have also had a major impact on Indian art, architecture, and literature. Conclusion Jainism and Buddhism are two of the major religions of India. They emerged in the 6th century BCE and spread throughout India and beyond. Jainism and Buddhism have made significant contributions to Indian culture and society.Semester:II Paper-I Subject: History CourseCode: H102MT Course Title: History of India from C.300AD to 1200AD

Rise & Growth of the Guptas: Administration, Society, Economy, Religion, Art, Literature, Science &Technology.

The Gupta dynasty was the golden age of Indian history. It lasted from the 4th to the 6th centuries CE. The Guptas were a powerful dynasty that united most of India under their rule. They also made significant contributions to Indian culture and society.

Administration: The Guptas had a well-developed system of government. The empire was divided into provinces, which were further divided into districts. The Guptas also had a strong army and navy.

Society: Gupta society was divided into four main classes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were the highest class and were responsible for religious rituals. The Kshatriyas were the warrior class. The Vaishyas were the merchant class. The Shudras were the lowest class and were responsible for manual labor.

Economy: The Gupta economy was based on agriculture and trade. The Guptas were skilled farmers and traders. They also developed a complex system of coinage.

Religion: Hinduism was the main religion of the Gupta period. However, the Guptas were tolerant of other religions, such as Buddhism and Jainism.

Art: The Gupta period was a golden age of Indian art. The Guptas produced beautiful sculptures, paintings, and architecture.

Literature: The Gupta period was also a golden age of Indian literature. The Guptas produced some of the greatest works of Sanskrit literature, such as the Kalidasa's plays and the Kumarasambhava.

Science &Technology: The Gupta period was also a period of scientific and technological advancement. The Guptas made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.

Conclusion

The Gupta dynasty was a golden age of Indian history. The Guptas made significant contributions to Indian culture and society.

The post Gupta Period: Administration, Agrarian and Revenue Systems , Pallavas, Chalukyas and Vardhanas.

The post-Gupta period was a period of political instability and fragmentation. However, there were a number of regional dynasties that emerged during this period, including the Pallavas, Chalukyas, and Vardhanas.

The Pallavas ruled over South India from the 4th to the 9th centuries CE. The Pallavas were skilled farmers and traders. They also developed a complex system of irrigation.

The Chalukyas ruled over Central and South India from the 6th to the 12th centuries CE. The Chalukyas were skilled warriors and administrators. They also made significant contributions to Indian art and architecture.

The Vardhanas ruled over North India from the 6th to the 7th centuries CE. The Vardhanas were skilled warriors and administrators. They also made significant contributions to Indian art and literature.

Conclusion

The post-Gupta period was a period of political instability and fragmentation. However, there were a number of regional dynasties that emerged during this period, including the Pallavas, Chalukyas, and Vardhanas. These dynasties made significant contributions to Indian culture and society.Subject: History CourseCode: H203MT Course Title: History of India from C. 1200AD to 1526AD

Survey of Sources of Medieval Indian history

The main sources of information for medieval Indian history include:

Literary sources: These include chronicles, biographies, and other works of literature written by both Muslim and Hindu authors.

Inscriptions: These are inscriptions on stone, metal, and other materials that provide information about political, economic, and social life in medieval India.

Coins: These can provide information about the rulers of the time, as well as about the economic system.

Architecture: The architecture of medieval India can provide information about the artistic and cultural achievements of the time.

Foundation, Expansion & consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate. Causes of the success 

of the Turks: Foundation and consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate: Aibek, Iltutmish, 

Razia, Balban.

The Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a general of Muhammad of Ghur. The Turks were successful in conquering India because of a number of factors, including their superior military technology, their use of cavalry, and their disunity among the Indian rulers.

The Delhi Sultanate was consolidated under the rule of Iltutmish (1211-1236), who defeated his rivals and established a strong central government. He also introduced a number of administrative reforms, such as the iqta system of land tenure.

Razia Sultan (1236-1240) was the first female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. She was a capable ruler, but her reign was short-lived due to opposition from the nobility.

Balban (1266-1287) was the last great ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. He was a strong and efficient ruler who restored order and stability to the empire. However, his reign was also marked by religious intolerance and persecution of non-Muslims.

Allauddin Khalji- conquests, economic and administrative and economic reforms.

Allauddin Khalji (1296-1316) was the most successful ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. He embarked on a series of conquests, expanding the empire into South India. He also introduced a number of economic and administrative reforms, such as the market control system and the land revenue system.

**Tughlaq dynasty: Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq’s Experiments; Feroz Shah Tughlaqs 

reforms and administration, Timur’s invasion **

The Tughlaq dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1413. The most famous ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty was Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351), who was known for his innovative but unsuccessful experiments. For example, he tried to shift the capital of the empire from Delhi to Daulatabad, and he also tried to introduce a new currency system.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388) was a more successful ruler than his predecessor. He introduced a number of reforms, such as the construction of irrigation works and the development of agriculture. However, his reign was also marked by a decline in the power of the central government and the rise of regional dynasties.

In 1398, the Delhi Sultanate was invaded by Timur, a Mongol warlord. Timur plundered Delhi and caused widespread destruction. The invasion of Timur marked the beginning of the decline of the Delhi Sultanate.

**Saiyyads, Lodhis, Provincial kingdoms: Vijaynagara & Bahamanis. 12 **

The Saiyyad dynasty (1414-1451) and the Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526) were weak dynasties that were unable to control the empire effectively. During this period, a number of regional dynasties emerged, such as the Vijayanagara Empire in South India and the Bahmani Sultanate in Central India.

The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 and lasted until 1565. It was one of the most powerful empires in South Indian history. The Bahmani Sultanate was founded in 1347 and lasted until 1527. It was one of the most powerful empires in Central Indian history.

Religious Moments of Bhakti & Sufism and its impact on Indian society, Art & 

Architecture

The Bhakti movement was a religious movement that emerged in India in the 12th century. It was based on the principle of devotion to a personal god. The Bhakti movement had a major impact on Indian society, art, and architecture.

Sufism is a mystical tradition within Islam. It emerged in India in the 11th century. Sufism had a major impact on Indian society, art, and architecture.Year: II Semester:IVPaper-I Subject: History Course Code:H204MT Course Title: History of India from C. 1526AD to 1756AD

Survey of Sources of Mughal Indian history

The main sources of information for Mughal Indian history include:

Literary sources: These include chronicles, biographies, and other works of literature written by both Muslim and Hindu authors. Some of the most important literary sources for Mughal history include the Akbarnama and Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, which are autobiographies of the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahangir, respectively.

Tuzuk-i-JahangiriOpens in a new window

Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri

Inscriptions: These are inscriptions on stone, metal, and other materials that provide information about political, economic, and social life in Mughal India. Some of the most important inscriptions for Mughal history include the inscriptions on the Red Fort in Delhi and the Fatehpur Sikri complex.

Fatehpur Sikri complexOpens in a new window

wildart.works

Fatehpur Sikri complex

Coins: These can provide information about the rulers of the time, as well as about the economic system. Mughal coins are known for their beautiful designs and intricate calligraphy.

Mughal coinsOpens in a new window

Mughal coins

Architecture: The architecture of Mughal India can provide information about the artistic and cultural achievements of the time. Some of the most famous Mughal buildings include the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort in Delhi, and the Jama Masjid mosque in Delhi.

Jama Masjid mosque, DelhiOpens in a new window

Jama Masjid mosque, Delhi

Other important sources for Mughal history include:

European accounts: A number of European travelers visited India during the Mughal period and wrote accounts of their experiences. These accounts provide valuable insights into Mughal society and culture.

Court paintings: Mughal court painters produced a large number of paintings that depict the lives of the Mughal emperors and their courtiers. These paintings provide a valuable visual record of Mughal life.

Archaeological evidence: Archaeological excavations have unearthed a wealth of information about the Mughal period, including buildings, artifacts, and coins.

Conclusion

The Mughal period was a golden age of Indian history. The Mughals made significant contributions to Indian culture, art, and architecture. The sources of information for Mughal history are rich and varied, and they provide us with a deep understanding of this important period in Indian history.Emergence and consolidation of Mughal State, Babur’s conquest, Humayaun: difficulties and failure.

The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan. Babur invaded India from Central Asia in 1526 and defeated the Lodi dynasty at the First Battle of Panipat. However, he was expelled from India a year later. Babur returned to India in 1529 and defeated the Rajputs at the Battle of Khanwa. This victory established the Mughal dynasty in India.

Humayun, Babur's son and successor, faced a number of challenges during his reign. He was defeated by Sher Shah Suri in 1540 and forced to flee into exile. Humayun returned to India in 1555 and regained the throne. However, he died shortly after that.

Shershah Suri with special reference to Administration and Land revenue system.

Sher Shah Suri was a brilliant administrator. He introduced a number of reforms, including a new land revenue system known as the Todar Mal system. This system was based on the measurement of land and the classification of crops. It was a fair and equitable system that benefited both the peasants and the government.

Akbar to Shahjahan: administrative structure, Mansabdari, Relation with Rajpoot and Maharana Pratap, Religious Policy.

Akbar was the greatest Mughal emperor. He was a wise and tolerant ruler. He introduced a number of administrative reforms, including the Mansabdari system. This system was based on the rank of the nobles and their military obligations. Akbar also had a liberal religious policy. He maintained good relations with the Rajputs and other non-Muslim communities.

Shahjahan, Akbar's son and successor, was also a great ruler. He expanded the Mughal empire and built some of the most beautiful buildings in India, including the Taj Mahal. However, he was a more religious ruler than Akbar and his religious policies led to some discontent among the non-Muslim communities.

**Aurangzeb: administrative structure-Mansabs & Jagirs; Aurangzeb religious policy, 

Rajput, Religious and Deccan policy, Decline and disintegration of Mughals **

Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal emperor. He was a conservative religious ruler. He reintroduced the Jizya tax on non-Muslims and destroyed many Hindu temples. This led to widespread resentment among the non-Muslim communities. Aurangzeb also spent a lot of time and resources fighting in the Deccan, which weakened the Mughal empire.

Cultural in the Medieval Period, Art& Architecture.

The Mughal period was a golden age of Indian culture. The Mughals made significant contributions to Indian art, architecture, and literature. Some of the most famous Mughal buildings include the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort in Delhi, and the Jama Masjid mosque in Delhi. Mughal paintings are known for their beauty and realism. Mughal literature is known for its poetry and prose.

**Peninsular India–Marathas: Shivaji and his administration, Tamil Kingdoms- Polity 

and Administration **

The Marathas were a Hindu warrior community that emerged in Maharashtra in the 17th century. Shivaji was the greatest Maratha leader. He founded the Maratha Empire and fought against the Mughal empire. Shivaji was a brilliant military strategist and administrator. He introduced a number of reforms to the Maratha army and government.

The Tamil kingdoms of Vijayanagara and Nayaks were also important powers in peninsular India during the Mughal period. These kingdoms had their own distinct cultures and traditions.

Later Mughals: Disintegration of the empire; invasion of NadirShah; 3rd

 Battle of 

Panipat.

The Mughal empire declined after the death of Aurangzeb. This was due to a number of factors, including weak leadership, religious intolerance, and economic problems. The Mughal empire was also invaded by Nadir Shah in 1739 and Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761. These invasions further weakened the Mughal empire.

The Mughal empire finally collapsed after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

Conclusion

The Mughal period was an important period in Indian history. The Mughals made significant contributions to Indian culture, art, and architecture. However, the Mughal empire declined after the death of Aurangzeb and eventually collapsed in the 18th century.